What does "deductive" refer to in quantitative research design?

In the context of quantitative research design, "deductive" refers to the process of formulating hypotheses based on established theories. This method starts with a general theory or principle and uses it to predict specific outcomes. The goal is to test whether the observations and data collected align with the predictions made from the theory. This approach contrasts with inductive reasoning, which involves gathering specific observations to formulate broader generalizations or theories.

Deductive reasoning is a fundamental aspect of the scientific method; it allows researchers to systematically test the validity of theories through empirical data. By beginning with established theories, researchers can establish a clear framework for their study, enhancing the rigor and specificity of their hypotheses. This alignment between theory and empirical testing is key to contributing to the existing body of knowledge in the field of education and beyond.